
LP2954, LP2954A
SNVS096D –JUNE 1999–REVISED MARCH 2013
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APPLICATION HINTS
EXTERNAL CAPACITORS
A 2.2 μF (or greater) capacitor is required between the output pin and the ground to assure stability (refer to
Figure 23). Without this capacitor, the part may oscillate. Most types of tantalum or aluminum electrolytics will
work here. Film types will work, but are more expensive. Many aluminum electrolytics contain electrolytes which
freeze at −30°C, which requires the use of solid tantalums below −25°C. The important parameters of the
capacitor are an ESR of about 5Ωor less and a resonant frequency above 500 kHz (the ESR may increase by a
factor of 20 or 30 as the temperature is reduced from 25°C to −30°C). The value of this capacitor may be
increased without limit. At lower values of output current, less output capacitance is required for stability. The
capacitor can be reduced to 0.68 μF for currents below 10 mA or 0.22 μF for currents below 1 mA.
A 1 μF capacitor should be placed from the input pin to ground if there is more than 10 inches of wire between
the input and the AC filter capacitor or if a battery input is used.
Programming the output for voltages below 5V runs the error amplifier at lower gains requiring more output
capacitance for stability. At 3.3V output, a minimum of 4.7 μF is required. For the worst case condition of 1.23V
output and 250 mA of load current, a 6.8 μF (or larger) capacitor should be used.
Stray capacitance to the Feedback terminal can cause instability. This problem is most likely to appear when
using high value external resistors to set the output voltage. Adding a 100 pF capacitor between the Output and
Feedback pins and increasing the output capacitance to 6.8 μF (or greater) will cure the problem.
MINIMUM LOAD
When setting the output voltage using an external resistive divider, a minimum current of 1 μA is recommended
through the resistors to provide a minimum load.
It should be noted that a minimum load current is specified in several of the electrical characteristic test
conditions, so this value must be used to obtain correlation on these tested limits. The part is parametrically
tested down to 100 μA, but is functional with no load.
DROPOUT VOLTAGE
The dropout voltage of the regulator is defined as the minimum input-to-output voltage differential required for the
output voltage to stay within 100 mV of the output voltage measured with a 1V differential. The dropout voltages
for various values of load current are listed under Electrical Characteristics.
If the regulator is powered from a rectified AC source with a capacitive filter, the minimum AC line voltage and
maximum load current must be used to calculate the minimum voltage at the input of the regulator. The minimum
input voltage, including AC ripple on the filter capacitor, must not drop below the voltage required to keep the
LP2954 in regulation. It is also advisable to verify operating at minimum operating ambient temperature, since
the increasing ESR of the filter capacitor makes this a worst-case test for dropout voltage due to increased ripple
amplitude.
HEATSINK REQUIREMENTS
A heatsink may be required with the LP2954 depending on the maximum power dissipation and maximum
ambient temperature of the application. Under all possible operating conditions, the junction temperature must be
within the range specified under Absolute Maximum Ratings.
To determine if a heatsink is required, the maximum power dissipated by the regulator, P(max), must be
calculated. It is important to remember that if the regulator is powered from a transformer connected to the AC
line, the maximum specified AC input voltage must be used (since this produces the maximum DC input
voltage to the regulator). Figure 23 shows the voltages and currents which are present in the circuit. The formula
for calculating the power dissipated in the regulator is also shown in Figure 23.
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